Authors
Grant Alexander Wilson, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Regina
Jason Jogia, MBA, M.Fin., Chief Investment Officer, Avenue Living
Author Bios
Dr. Wilson is an Assistant Professor at the Hill and Levene School of Business, University of Regina. His research focuses on marketing, strategy, and innovation. He has published over 20 peer-reviewed articles in top management journals, including Journal of Small Business Management, Research-Technology Management, and Journal of Business Strategy. His research has been featured in the National Post and by the World Economic Forum. Dr. Wilson is also a research consultant and contributor to Avenue Living Asset Management.
Mr. Jogia is the Chief Investment Officer at Avenue Living and has over 15 years of experience in real estate capital markets, originating over $10 billion in real estate loans and $1 billion in equity. He has extensive experience in real estate investment analysis and capital structure across various real estate classes. In addition to holding 2 Masters’ degrees in Finance, Mr. Jogia is pursuing his Doctorate of Business Administration and currently serves as an instructor at the University of Calgary, specializing in real estate finance.
HOMEOWNERSHIP IN CANADA
For many Canadians, owning a home is an essential component of the Canadian dream. As such, the last century of policy has facilitated homeownership in Canada (Statistics Canada, 2019). However, many variables, including income, influence homeownership in Canada.
According to Statistics Canada (2015), variables that increase the likelihood of homeownership include age, education, and income. This suggests that an older individual, with a university education and substantial income, would have a high probability of owning a home in Canada. Not surprisingly, household debt decreases the likelihood of homeownership in Canada (Statistics Canada, 2015). Although homeownership in Canada is considered to be quite strong, one in every four Canadian households spends as much as 30% or more of their total pre-tax income on their mortgage payments (Statistics Canada, 2019). Moreover, Canada has the highest household debt of all G7 countries (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2020). According to the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) (2018), “housing is considered affordable if it costs less than 30% of a household’s before-tax income.” Based on these metrics, as much as 17% of Canadians own homes that are just within their budget (Figure 1).
As such, those at the CMHC threshold are the most likely homeowners to consider more affordable living scenarios, such as renting. As of the first week of June 2020, the CMHC changed borrowing requirements because “COVID-19 has exposed long-standing vulnerabilities in our financial markets, and we must act now to protect the economic futures of Canadians” (Deschamps, 2020). As barriers to homeownership appear to be on the rise, high-quality rental units are likely to be in demand. Workforce housing is a popular rental asset class among those who are gainfully employed but just fall short of homeownership (Haughey, 2002).
ESSENTIAL WORKERS & WORKFORCE HOUSING
While many Canadians have been asked to stay home during COVID-19, millions with essential jobs have had to work during the pandemic (Government of Canada, 2020a). Specifically, essential workers make up close to 40% of the Canadian population (Avenue Living, 2020a). According to the Government of Canada (2020b), essential workers span industries including energy and utilities, information and communication, finance, healthcare, food, water, transportation, safety, government, and manufacturing. These individuals have provided essential services to their communities in order to keep them safe and fulfill their basic needs.
The efforts of essential workers have not been overlooked, as many are now calling for pay increases (Britneff, 2020; Di Donato, 2020; Wherry, 2020). Some companies, like Avenue Living and Loblaws, were proactive in the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, giving their essential workers wage increases (Toneguzzi, 2020; Wherry, 2020). After such calls and actions of some businesses, the Government of Canada has provided the provinces and territories $3 billion to boost the wages of essential workers (Global News, 2020). The Prime Minister stated that these “workers are risking their health to provide us with essential care and services, and we need to make sure that they are paid properly for the work they do every day. We’re stepping up, and working with the provinces and territories, to give a much-needed wage boost to Canadians who are helping keep our country and economy strong during this difficult time” (Government of Canada, 2020a).
Some essential workers, including those in healthcare, are well compensated. However, several essential workers are considered to be underpaid (Britneff, 2020; Di Donato, 2020; Wherry, 2020). Although Wherry (2020) and others suggest COVID-19 may change how we define and compensate essential workers, many earn wages that are equal to, or less than, the Canadian median income. According to McQuarrie (2020), excluding those in healthcare, the average wage of essential workers is almost 20% less than employees in other industries. Despite essential workers being gainfully employed and realizing income increases in economic uncertainties (Statistics Canada, 2020a), many rent their homes as homeownership is simply not a financial reality.
Workforce housing is a term that has gained in popularity among real estate and housing institutions. The term workforce housing is generally understood as housing for those earning 60% to 120% of the area median income (Haughey, 2002). It is typically rented and occupied by essential workers who earn more than minimum wage, but are unable or unlikely to purchase a home near their workplace (Haughey, 2002). According to Avenue Living (2020a), a western Canadian apartment building owner and operator, “workforce housing is geared to a city’s ‘essential workers,’ who are the backbone of every city.” Avenue Living (2020a) further suggests there is a “strong demand for workforce housing from the essential workers demographic” as they are looking for “quality, safe housing, and will respect and treat the housing well.” Therefore, rent collections from this real estate asset class are highly dependable.
THRIVING IN ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS
As per Haughey’s (2002) definition, many essential workers living in workforce housing have earnings close to the Canadian median household income. Comparing the last two decades of economic cycles to the inflation-adjusted Canadian median household incomes, the data suggests incomes are consistent and, in some cases, increase in economic downturns (Figure 2). From 2000 to 2018, the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) showed annual gains and losses of more than 30%. In three of the five economic downturns, inflation-adjusted median household income increased. In 2001, when the TSX losses were 14%, median household income increased by 3.5%. In 2008, one of the largest recessions on record, with a TSX loss of 35%, the median household income increased by 1.4%. Similarly, in 2015, the median household income increased by 1.6% despite the 11% decrease in the TSX. Moreover, in the other two economic downturns of the 18 years, median household income remained relatively unchanged.
Despite the stock market fluctuations, inflation-adjusted Canadian median household income has steadily increased. Additionally, as many individuals living in workforce housing are essential workers and earn incomes comparable to the Canadian median, this real estate asset class is likely to garner consistent revenue from rent collections, regardless of the economic climate.
WORKFORCE HOUSING INVESTMENT
In times of crisis, consumer behaviour changes dramatically (Wilson, 2020). However, a steadfast priority in any economic climate is shelter. Based on Maslow’s (1943) hierarchy of needs, physiological needs such as food and shelter are foundational. Maslow (1943) purports that physiological needs are fulfilled before any other need type. According to Reed and Crawford (2014), in recessions, consumers prioritize the fulfillment of physiological needs (e.g. paying rent) over all other need types. Similar consumer spending behaviour has been identified among households on employment insurance, as rent was shown to be the top-prioritized expense despite limited financial resources (Ganong & Noel, 2019). The theoretical, and empirically validated, prioritization of consumers’ physiological needs provides general investment confidence in residential real estate in times of economic expansion and contraction. However, some residential asset classes, such as workforce housing, present more specific advantages.
Multi-family rental properties in Canada are in high demand (Western Investor, 2019). According to Avenue Living (2018), workforce housing is “outperforming the multifamily asset class for several years, and it is expected to continue its performance in the near term, based on limited new supply and higher demand from a lack of alternative housing options.” The demand for workforce housing assets is expected to increase due to population growth, immigration, urbanization, and homeownership affordability (Avenue Living, 2018; Statistics Canada, 2015). Furthermore, many assets in this class are aging, undervalued, and present an opportunity for renovations and upgrades to increase rental revenue from dependable and likely long-term tenants.
Although new multi-family residential properties receive rent premiums as compared to older assets, they are likely to have more stringent cashflow requirements and higher vacancy rates (Avenue Living, 2019). Furthermore, many essential workers who cannot purchase homes in Canada would also be unlikely to rent these new residential properties due to rental premiums. There has been, and we will continue to see, demand for workforce housing by essential workers. Specifically, the number of new apartment unit builds, or starts, fluctuates as the Canadian population continues to increase (Figure 3).
The “purpose-built multi-family rental market in Canada is largely made up of older properties” (Avenue Living, 2019). “The multifamily asset is a type of residential structure with more than one dwelling residence in the same building. Each building is classified from Class A to Class C” (Avenue Living, 2018). Nearly 90% of all assets in Canada are categorized as non-premium in the Class B or Class C. These assets were mostly constructed before 1979 and present several key advantages over newer and luxury properties. Some advantages include great locations, of which are often proximal to essential workers’ employment, low vacancy rates, larger unit sizes, affordable rents, and opportunities for improvements that enhance rentability. Specifically, an opportunistic investor can acquire and renovated these assets for less than the cost of a new build. In addition, despite the limited supply and growing demand, there are still opportunities for those investing in workforce housing.
Given most of these assets were constructed several decades ago, 80% are owned by individuals, and 20% are owned by institutional investors (Avenue Living, 2019). “During the recent economic downturn, private owners suffered from receiving lower rental rates and higher vacancy rates, while deferred capital maintenance accumulated. In addition, many of these owners are transitioning through intergenerational events as primary stakeholders reach retirement age” (Avenue Living, 2019). As such, there is great potential to acquire these types of properties and consolidate. Even for those strategically and heavily invested in this asset class, there are significant market opportunities as the long-term demand looks promising.
INVEST IN THE EVERYDAY
Although homeownership is appealing to Canadians, many households do not own their dwellings due to several constraint variables. Given data suggests many Canadians are within the CMHC’s (2018) affordability threshold and homeownership is likely to become more difficult (Deschamps, 2020), it is expected that individuals and families will look to renting as opposed to owning. Workforce housing provides an affordable and high-quality alternative to homeownership. To explicate this point, a comparison of key Alberta and Saskatchewan rental markets show that rent as a percentage of income, both individually and per household, is less than the CMHC’s (2018) mortgage affordability threshold of 30% (Figure 4).
Occupants of workforce housing are highly dependable, have steady incomes, and are often essential workers. In economic downturns, essential workers often experience increased incomes and even thrive financially. Essential workers are more likely to rent Class B and Class C properties for many of the same reasons that they do not buy homes.
Compared to other asset classes, workforce housing presents a number of advantages, including locations, unit sizes, vacancy rates, rental prices, and growth opportunities. While many real estate investors have their sights set on developing and acquiring new premium residential assets that have high-income tenants, investing in the everyday may be a more strategic and profitable endeavour.
REFERENCES
Avenue Living. (2018). Avenue Living explained: The case for workforce housing. https://www.realestateforums.com/content/dam/Informa/realestateforums/2019/portal/Reports/The%20Case%20for%20Workforce%20Housing.pdf
Avenue Living. (2019). Avenue Living: Lots of Opportunity in a Fragmented Market. https://www.realestateforums.com/content/dam/Informa/realestateforums/2019/portal/Reports/Opportunity%20in%20a%20Fragmented%20Market.pdf
Avenue Living. (2020a). Strategic focus on workforce housing. https://www.avenuelivingam.com/strategic-focus-workforce-housing/
Avenue Living. (2020b). Avenue Living Market Comparison vs. CMHC.
Britneff, B. (2020). Wage boosts for essential workers should last beyond COVID-19 pandemic: Union leaders. https://globalnews.ca/news/6915382/wage-boosts-essential-workers-coronavirus-union-leaders/
Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (2020). Rental market data. https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/data-and-research/data-tables/rental-market
Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2018). About affordable housing in Canada. https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/developing-and-renovating/develop-new-affordable-housing/programs-and-information/about-affordable-housing-in-canada
Deschamps, T. (2020). CMHC tightens lending standards to protect housing market during COVID-19. https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/cmhc-tightens-lending-standards-to-protect-housing-market-during-covid-19-1.4969986
Ganong, P., & Noel, P. (2019). Consumer spending during unemployment: Positive and normative implications. American Economic Review, 109(7), 2383-2424.
Global News. (2020). Coronavirus: Feds giving provinces, territories up to $3B to boost essential workers’ wages. https://globalnews.ca/news/6915044/coronavirus-canada-essential-workers-pay/
Government of Canada. (2020a). Prime Minister announces agreements to boost wages for essential workers. https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2020/05/07/prime-minister-announces-agreements-boost-wages-essential-workers
Government of Canada. (2020b). Guidance on essential services and functions in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/crtcl-nfrstrctr/esf-sfe-en.aspx
Haughey, R. M. (2002). Workforce housing: Barriers, solutions, and model programs. ULI Land Use Policy Forum Report.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396.
McQuarrie, K. (2020). The Average Salary of Essential Workers in 2020. https://www.business.org/finance/accounting/average-salary-of-essential-workers/
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Household debt. https://data.oecd.org/hha/household-debt.htm
Reed, S., & Crawford, M. (2014). How does consumer spending change during boom, recession, and recovery? U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics, 3(15), 1-6.
Statistics Canada. (2015). The probability of an individual having adequate wealth to purchase a home, 1999 and 2005. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0027m/2013083/t004-eng.htm
Statistics Canada. (2019). Homeownership and Shelter Costs in Canada. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-014-x/99-014-x2011002-eng.cfm
Statistics Canada. (2020a). Census families by family type and family composition including before and after-tax median income of the family. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=1110001701
Statistics Canada. (2020b). Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, housing starts, under construction and completions, all areas, quarterly. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3410013501#timeframe
Toneguzzi, M. (2020). Avenue Living raising wages of front-line employees.
Trading Economics. (2020). Canadian population. https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/population
Western Investor. (2019). Cap rates for multi-family rentals are lowest of all CRE sectors. https://www.westerninvestor.com/news/multi-family/cap-rates-for-multi-family-rentals-are-lowest-of-all-cre-sectors-1.23925194
Wherry, A. (2020). The wages of fear: The pandemic and the future of low-paid ‘essential’ work. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/coronavirus-pandemic-covid-minimum-wage-essential-workers-1.5562318
Wilson, G.A. (2020). Distinguishing between wants and needs during the coronavirus pandemic. https://theconversation.com/distinguishing-between-wants-and-needs-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-135656
Yahoo Finance. (2020). TSX composite index. https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/quote/%5Egsptse/
